THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY APJ Abdul Kalam a distinguished scientist took charge as president of India in July 2002 and Defense Scie...
THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY
APJ Abdul Kalam a distinguished scientist took charge as president of India in July 2002 and Defense Scientist. He developed SLV-3 and Agni missile. He has received many honorary doctorates and the Padma Bhushan (1981) Padma Vibhushan (1990) and Bharat Ratna (1997). He is a voracious reader, writes poetry and plays the Rudra veena. Kalam explains in detail how the people of India can pave the way for a bright and prosperous future for all her population by scrupulously following certain principals and applying modern technology.
The recipient of Bharat Ratna Dr.
APJ Abdul Kalam is the former president of India and Defense Scientist.“The
Knowledge Society” is an extract taken from his popular and famous book “IGNITED
MINDS” through light on a significant aspect of modern civilization. He
stresses that poverty can be rooted out only by striking a balance between the past
heritage and present day scientific knowledge. Kalam opines that India can
reach the pinnacles of prosperity and glory by scrupulously following certain principles
and applying modern technology.
India is essentially a land of
knowledge and it must rediscover itself. No doubt, the foreign invasions and
the colonial rule weakened India considerably. Knowledge has many forms and it
is available at many places. It is acquired through education, information,
intelligence and experience. It is manifested
in artists, craftsmen, hakims, philosophers and saints. It plays a very important role.
Knowledge has always been the
prime mover of prosperity and power. India has been a country of great ancient
heritage and culture. The tradition of guru and shishya and the
writings of the foreign traveler who visited universities like Nalanda.
During the last century the world has changed from being and agricultural
society to an industrial society. Thus technology played a crucial role. In the
21st century, knowledge has become the primary production resource
instead of capital and labor. The qualification of a nation as knowledge
society goes concomitant with it’s creation and deployment of knowledge.
Education, health care and
agriculture are taken ahead in the knowledge society. It promotes high
productivity and rural prosperity. It helps even to create new avenues for
employment. Certain products must be taken up for the generation of wealth. With
the help of the most sophisticated technologies.
The
multiple technologies and appropriate management structures must work together
to generate a knowledge society. India
has carved out a niche for itself in information technology and it will
be much more developed in the years to come. Thus, it adds a new feather to
knowledge society. Kalam feels glad that the planning commission has taken a
lead in generating a road map for transforming India into a knowledge society.
As
a second component, young and dynamic leaders are required for
establishing knowledge society. The most important mission for the
nation is that knowledge become superpower by the year 2010. A third dimension
emerges of India is to transform itself into a knowledge super power. This is
knowledge protection and it involves A tremendous responsibility. Our
communication network and information generators must be protected from
electronic attacks. It is very important. Our eminent knowledge and culture too
help us in this great task.
PRINCIPLES OF GOOD WRITING
Lesilie
Alexander Hill was born in 1918 in Greece and educated at Cambridge University. In this lesson he has pointed out the rules
and regulations to be observed in sharpening one’s writing skills. He has given
valuable tips regarding the secret of successful writing.
In the essay,
“Principles of Good Writing”, L.A. Hill tells us the principles that we should
follow if we want to write well-how to think clearly and logically, how to
increase vocabulary and expression, how to find subjects for writing, how to
make them interesting and what to avoid in writing. If we want to write well we
must think clearly and logically. To develop it we should practice thinking
about a subject and follow it step by step. We should practice it repeatedly.
For example, if we think about the freedom of a man, we shall find that his
freedom is limited first to what is possible, then to what is legal. His
freedom is limited so because he cannot fly to Mars; that is impossible, and he
must not kill his neighbour, as that is illegal. Repeated practice of this sort
on various topics will improve our availability to think clearly and logically.
To increase our vocabulary or stock of words and expressions, we should read
widely and carefully. We should note down the interesting and useful expressions
and know their meanings with the help of a dictionary.
One can learn writing by writing only. So one should write without waiting for any inspiration. Good writing depends more upon hard labour and less upon inspiration. How to find subject matters to write on? If we carefully observe things around us we shall find many interesting things to write about. We should read our newspapers, books and magazines carefully, and note down the striking things and ideas that we come across. If we develop a warm understanding of human joys and sorrows, we shall find many interesting things to write about in every ordinary incidents of life. To be a good writer, it is not enough to find out interesting subjects. One has to write about them in an interesting way. To write interestingly, one has to select what kind of readers he wants to write for. Then one can find out what kind of subjects interests them. If we read woman’s magazine we shall find what subject interests them, and we find subjects that interests young people from magazines meant for young people like sports magazines. Moreover, we must remember that subjects that concern us at present interest us more. A writer should thus select subjects that are of present interest and that are interesting to the kind of readers that he aims at. The subjects that we choose must be ones that we know very well. Only then, we can write on them with authority and conviction.
While writing on the chosen subject we should write in a systematic way. In the first paragraph, for example, we should state clearly, what we are going to write about and why. In the middle, we should present the ideas and arguments in support of it. We should write only the relevant things and avoid the irrelevant. In the last paragraph, we should summarize leading to a neat and clear end of what we have been talking about earlier. However, the reader will not find interest in our writing unless we ourselves are intensely interested in it. In our writing, we must try to convey the feeling that we ourselves are deeply interested in the subject, and our own interest will infect the reader as it were. However, while doing so, we must not force upon them our own personal problems, which have no importance to the readers in general.
The writer trying to write well must
not try to tell the reader the obvious things. If a subject is of importance,
it should be discussed seriously. The reader knows that. He does not need to be
told so in many words. One should avoid abstract words and expressions as far
as practicable. One should instead use the concrete words and expressions. So
one should avoid euphemism, which is used to hide unpleasant things in pleasant
language, for example, special treatment to mean savage torture.
A writer must follow the same style consistently. We must not mix up the formal and the slang expressions in the same piece of writing. It is absurd if we write, “I have had no alternative but to give it the thumbs-down.” The expression “I have had no alternative but to give” is a formal piece of expression, whereas the expression, “to give it the thumbs-down”, is a very colloquial or slang expression. The mixture is very ridiculous. If we do not at times find the right word or expression, we should use the expression that comes to us for the time being or leave the space blank to be filled up later. Later we may think and find out a better expression otherwise our flow of thoughts may be interrupted. After the writing is over, we must read it over again critically. We can replace words and expressions that we find weak or vague with better ones.
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PAGE NO 105 & 106
1.
Acid rain = Rainfall made sufficiently acidic by
atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm, typically to forests
and lakes.
2. Biological
warfare = the use of toxins of biological origin or microorganisms as weapons
of war. germ warfare
3. Biodegradable
waste = Biodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically originating from
plant or animal sources, which may be broken down by other living...
4. Bioorganic
chemistry = Bioorganic chemistry involves the study of biological processes
using chemical methods. Organic chemistry methods are used to synthesize
biological molecules and to examine their structure and the kinetics of
biochemical reactions.
5. Biopsy
= An examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence,
cause, or extent of a disease.
6. Biorhythms
= A recurring
cycle in the physiology or functioning of an organism, such as the daily cycle
of sleeping and waking. (2) A cyclic pattern of physical, emotional, or mental
activity said to occur in the life of a person.
7. Biosphere
= The regions of the surface and atmosphere of the earth or other planet
occupied by living organisms.
8. Cybernetics
= The science of communications and automatic control systems in both machines
and living things.
9. Cyberspace
= The notional environment in which communication over computer networks
occurs.
10. Cytology
= The branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and
animal cells.
11.Etiology
= The cause, set
of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition. The causation of
diseases and disorders as a subject of investigation.
12. Mechatnotrics
= Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of Mechanical engineering,
Electronic engineering, Computer engineering, Control engineering...
13. Micro-Electronics
= Microelectronics is a subfield of electronics. Microelectronics, as the name
suggests, is related to the study and manufacture, or...
14. Micro-biology
= The branch of science that deals with microorganisms.
15. Robot
= A machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically.
16.
Satellite dish = A bowl-shaped antenna with
which signals are transmitted to or received from a communications satellite.
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1.
Mouse = a hand-operated
electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer
screen as you move it around on a pad.
2.
CPU =
Central processing unit.
3.
Monitor =
An instrument or device used for observing, checking, or keeping a continuous
record of a process or quantity:
4.
Hard disk = A rigid non-removable magnetic disk
with a large data storage capacity.
5.
Virus = a software program capable of
reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other
programs on the same.
6.
Hard ware = The machines, wiring, and other
physical components of a computer or other electronic system.
7.
Software = The programs and other operating
information used by a computer.
8.
Network = A group of
interconnected (via cable and/or wireless) computers and peripherals that is
capable of sharing software and
9.
Website = a computer connected to the internet
that maintains a series of web pages on the World Wide Web;
10.
Voice mail = a computerized system for answering
and routing telephone calls; telephone messages can be recorded and stored and
relayed.
11.
Video-conference = A videoconference or video
conference (also known as a videoteleconference) is a set of interactive
telecommunication technologies . A technology that allows users
in different locations to hold face-to-face meetings without having to move to
a single location..
12.
Chat = Talk in a friendly and informal way: (net
or cell phone etc.)
13.
Surfing = To navigate
through the World Wide Web or Internet, usually by clicking with a
mouse.
14.
Internet = A means of connecting a computer to any
other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers.
15.
Compact disc = A compact disc (CD) is a plastic-fabricated, circular
medium for recording, storing, and playing back audio, video, and computer data.
16.
Email = E-mail (electronic mail) is the exchange
of computer-stored messages by telecommunication.
17.
Keyboard = A panel of keys
that operate a computer or typewriter.
18.
Junk mail = Unsolicited advertising or promotional material received through the
mail and e-mail.
19.
Snail mail = he ordinary postal system as
opposed to electronic mail.
source: http://kbaluenglish.blogspot.in
